The, And Administrative Decrees Documented During The...

After Alexander the Great conquest of Egypt in 332 BC, Egypt was ruled for the following three centuries by the foreign Greek dynasty of the Ptolemies. Although Egypt was subjugated by Alexander in 332 BC it wasn’t actually until 305 BC that the Ptolemaic dynasty was officially established. Ptolemaic Egypt would have been considered one of the two greatest powers in the Hellenic East. However, there is evidence that shows that the first troubles that Ptolemaic Egypt had to face actually originated from Egypt itself. These troubles were formed largely due to the ethnic tension that had formed with the native Egyptians and the immigrated Greeks. There was a third community of people present in Ptolemaic Egypt at this time, these people being that of the Jewish faith (find better way to introduce this shit). It is the hope of this essay to prove through analyse of literary texts, papyri, and administrative decrees documented during the reign of the Ptolemaic dynasty that the tens ion between these two groups was extremely strong. This can be attributed to a fusion of the Greeks disdain for the native Egyptians and the Egyptians resentment of the Greeks due to the ill treatment they receive from them. Even from the very first migration of Greeks in Egypt, Ptolemaic Egypt was a bureaucracy were in which your social standing was determined by your race, and the prevailing ethnicity was that of the Greeks. Although the Greek were the minority in Egypt this did not stop from being

The Affect Of Harassment On Adolescents Essay - 1953 Words

The affect of harassment on Adolescents Children in the United States who experience harassment from grades seven through twelve are often affected in their school lives more so than children who have not dealt with harassment. According to Hill and Kearl (2011 pg. 3), harassment has been an unfortunate problem in high schools and middle schools in the United States. Harassment has a broad definition and has different meanings varying from state to state. Harassment for the purpose of this essay is referred to as annoying someone persistently and creating an unpleasant situation by uninvited and unwelcome verbal or physical conduct (Webster, 2016). Harassment can effect a students learning abilities thus causing academic failure within an adolescent. Students who participate in harassment along with their victims suffer from self-esteem issues throughout childhood. Harassment has become a part of student’s daily life in grades seven through twelve according to Hill et al. (2011, pg. 2). Most of this harassment is in the form of verbal remarks which may include crude jokes, sexual comments, or obscene gestures to one another. Physical harassment is also common in addition to the more common verbal harassment. Harassment is harmful to both sexes but it is found to be more common in a particular sex. According to Hill et al., girls are harassed more often than boys and are more likely to be harassed through social media be that text, online, as well as in personShow MoreRelatedSociocultural Factors that Lead to Eating Disorders in Young Women1604 Words   |  7 Pageswhile bulimia nervosa is characterized by â€Å"frequent episodes of binge eating followed by inappropriate behaviors such as self-induced vomiting to avoid weight gain† (DSM-5, American Psychiatric Association, 2013). These two disorders most often affect adolescen t girls and young women. There are many factors that can cause body dysmorphia such as behavioral, genetic, and sociocultural. These factors can ultimately onset eating disorders. According to a study by Emily A. Young, James R. Clopton, and MRead MoreEducational Issue Involving Adolescents . Many People Blame1695 Words   |  7 PagesEducational Issue Involving Adolescents Many people blame the parents first thing if a child is having academic issues. However, although the parents do play a major part, they are not the only reason children may be struggling in school. There are many factors that cause educational issues with adolescents in addition to parental involvement. These factors include: peer relations/bullying, substance abuse, young parenthood, technology use, stereotyping, racial judgements, and socioeconomic statusRead MoreMedia Exposure Has Influenced An Individual s Opinion1476 Words   |  6 Pagessee their own opinions reflected back’†. Sexual harassment is defined as â€Å"unwanted, sex-related comments and behaviors that are appraised as offensive exceedingly available coping resources, or threatening (Buchanan, Rederstorff, Settles, 2005).† It is also unwelcomed attention in a sexual nature through verbal or physical interaction. It can occur in in high schools, in the workplace, neighborhoods, and the internet (Fogarty, 2006). Sexual harassment can happen to anyone, anywhere. It is not genderRead MoreSocial Networking Affects Our Youth939 Words   |  4 Pagesnew people, and stay connected with the world, but social networking also has its negative effects. Social networking affects our youth i many different ways, it especially affects their self esteem. Even though computers were initially developed for adults, adolescents have taken over these technology, or better said, technology has taken over adolescents. Typically, adolescents are the family experts when it comes to technology and the Internet, especially when it comes to social networking.Read MoreCyberbullying And Its Effect On Society967 Words   |  4 Pagesinternet. Research shows cyberbullying is detrimental because victims develop psychological disorders, experience a decreased in academic achievement, have an increase in health complaints. Psychological disorders are more prominent in children or adolescents that were cyberbullied than victims of traditional bullying. For a cyber aggressor, it is not necessarily to have the physical strength, authority and influence on his peers to feel superior. Through the internet the ability to degrade, humiliateRead MoreThe Teen Sleep Loss Epidemic : What Can Be Done? Essay806 Words   |  4 PagesGà ³mez, R. L. (2015). The teen sleep loss epidemic: What can be done? Transla-tional Issues in Psychological Science, 1(1), 116-125. doi:10.1037/tps0000020 This scholarly journal article deliberates the necessity of sleep and the phenomenon that adolescent children are suffering from a lack of sleep. The loss of sleep can negatively af-fect a teenager’s academic performance, driving capabilities, cognitive abilities and more. Bryant and Gomez provide recommendations for combating the sleep deficiencyRead MoreCyber Bullying: A Study of Long Term Effects on Adolescent Cyber Bullying1561 Words   |  7 Pagesimportant that research is kept up to date on how victimization can affect present and future psychosocial adjustment issues. Cyber bullying is defined as victimization that intends to harm another through electronic means, where individuals can harm without physical interaction. (Tokunaga, 2010). Cyber bullying requires little planning and there is little chance of being caught. It is important to realize that as adolescents are becoming more in tune with technology, they are engaged in many moreRead MoreBullying : A Serious Social Problem886 Words   |  4 Pagesstated that the impact of bullying in all forms on the mental health and safety of adolescents is of particular interest, especially in the wake of new methods of bullying that victimize youths through technology., (Cyberbullying and Physical Bullying...). Where kids who were who were traditionally bullied are now the perpetrators. Social media and cyber-bullying can be more harmful because whatever form of harassment is posted online can be seen by schoolmates and people across the world. ResearchersRead MoreThe Effects Of Social Networking On Teenagers And Teenagers1511 Words   |  7 Pagesthat boys who were frequently bullied, 4% had severe suicidal ideation and girls who were frequently bullied, 8% exhibited signs of severe suicidal ideation (Hinduja Patchin, 2010). There has been links that show that people who experience peer harassment contributes to depression, decreased self-worth, hopelessness, and loneliness, which are all contributors to suicidal thoughts and behavior (Graham Juvonen, 1998; Hawker Boulton, 2000; Joiner Rudd, 1996; Kaltiala-Heino, Rimpela, Rantanen etRead MoreA New Form of Bullying: Cyberbullying1259 Words   |  5 PagesWhen thinking of bullying, most people tend to think about the original form, where the bully harasses the victim in person; but, in this generation, cyberbullying is a new form of harassment that goes beyond the schoolyard. This way, individuals can be bullied all day and any day, but when you ask teens today, 81% of them think it is funny. (NPC) This shows that most teens do not think of cyberbullying as much of a threat, even though the rate in has gone up. In 2008–2009, the School Crime Supplement

The Black Panther Party, By Huey Newton And Bobby Seale

The Black Panther Party October 1966, Huey Newton and Bobby Seale founded the Black Panther Party in oakland. Their plan was to practice self-defense against the government, to establish socialism, and community based programs, the article stated. It states that â€Å"the party was one of the first organizations in U.S. history to militantly struggle for ethnic minority and working class emancipation.† In other words, they wanted to come together and be equal no matter what your race and gender is. The members in the group included; Elbert Howard, Huey P. Newton, Sherman Forte, Bobby Seale, Reggie Forte, and Little Bobby Hutton. The party’s first news organ was distributed on April 25th 1967. Later that month, the party marched and protested with weapons because of the state’s attempt to cease carrying loaded guns in public. Police took action and arrested member Bobby Seale and 30 more armed Panthers. After that, it led to the burning resistance movement in the United States. â€Å"In October of 1967, the police arrested the Defense Minister of the Panthers, Huey Newton, for killing an Oakland cop.† Panther Member Eldridge Cleaver began another movement â€Å"Free Huey†. That brought the Panthers lots of attention. Thier party spreaded around in politics and they even came together and teamed up with other revolutionary parties. In February, 1968, They recruited Stokely Carmichael, the former chairman of the SNCC to be the party’s Prime Minister. He wasShow MoreRelatedThe Black Panther Party, By Huey Newton And Bobby Seale1403 Words   |  6 PagesThe Black Panther Party The Black Panther Party was formed on October of 1966 in Oakland, California by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale. The Panthers had a very important part in the civil rights movement. The Black Panthers favored aggression, violent self defense of minority communities against the U.S government. The Panthers saw that Martin Luther King’s non-violence was not successful. The party fought to engage in a political revolution for socialism by organized andRead MoreThe Black Panthers For Self Defense1649 Words   |  7 PagesThe Black Panthers, originally named as the Black Panthers for Self-Defense, was an African American revolutionary party that had originated in Oakland, California. It was an organization that was founded by Huey Percy Newton and Bobby Seale in 1966. Not only that, but it was also the largest revolutionary organization that had ever existed. Their purpose was to protect fellow African-American residents from mistreatment from the authorities. During the 1960s, racial injust had spreaded throughoutRead MoreThe Black Of Black Panther Party1314 Words   |  6 PagesThe Black Panther Party did this through many different ways such as food banks, newspapers, free food and clothing. Led by many influential and powerful people, such as Martin L. King, Bobby Seale , and Huey Newton. Even though the Black Panthers were considered radical because of their use of force to protect the African American communities, their actions were just because their goals were to receive equal rights and opportunities as the white community had obtained. The Black Panther Party membersRead MoreThe Black Panther Party Essay1064 Words   |  5 PagesBlack Panther Party â€Å"We knew, as a revolutionary vanguard, repression would be the reaction of our oppressors, but we recognized that the task of the revolutionist is difficult and his life is short. We were prepared then, as we are now, to give our all in the interest of oppressed people† (Baggins). Radical and provocative, the 60’s was an era of complete political and social upheaval. Although the Civil Rights Act of 1964 had banned the discrimination of people based on race, color, religionRead MoreThe Impact Of The Black Panther Party 1156 Words   |  5 PagesNick Smith J. Buergel Civil Rights 5/11/16 The impact of â€Å"The Black Panther Party† â€Å"We knew, as a revolutionary vanguard, repression would be the reaction of our oppressors, but we recognized that the task of the revolutionist is difficult and his life is short. We were prepared then, as we are now, to give our all in the interest of oppressed people† (Baggins). Radical and provocative, the 60’s was an era of complete political and social upheaval. Although the Civil Rights Act of 1964Read MoreHuey Newton and the Black Panther Party668 Words   |  3 PagesHoward 1 Around the fall of 1966, the black civil rights movement was changing its strategies and goals all overnight. Many white Americans wanted to know what was the sudden change in the blacks because they haven’t been use to seeing such a proud race that was demanding equal rights. The black movement shift became obvious to the public in August of 1965, when President Johnson signed the Voting Rights Act that caused all the blacks to have pep in their step. After the signing there was many chaoticRead More Black Panther Party Essay1538 Words   |  7 Pages The Black Panther Party My survey paper for Assignment 4 is on the Black Panther Party. I will discuss the rise and the fall of the Black Panther Party and how Huey Newton and Bobby Seale met. I will also discuss some of the goals of the Black Panther Party, the good the party did for the black and poor communities. I will also discuss what they hoped to achieve from their movement. Huey Newton and Bobby Seale founded the Black Panther Party (BPP) in Oakland, California in 1966. The originalRead MoreThe Black Panther Party Fought For Civil Rights978 Words   |  4 Pages What was the Black Panther Party for Self Defense? During the turbulent 1960’s, the Black Panther party was initially established to protect the black community from police brutality. The Black Panther Party grew its membership by appealing to the sense of hopelessness in black American people. Although widely known for violence, the Black Panther Party had goals to organize and service the black and oppressed communities. Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale wrote an outline for the BPP, the TenRead MoreThe Black Panthers By Huey Newton And Bobby Seale1007 Words   |  5 PagesTitle The Black Panthers is a group or a party of Aafrican Aamericans that was formed to protect blacks from the white law enforcements. The group was established in 1966 by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale. The two leading revolutionary men created the national organization as a way to collectively combat white oppression. Dr Huey Percy Newton Born ( February 17 1942- August 22, 1989), Newton was born in Monroe, Louisiana. He was the youngest of seven children of Armelia Johnson and Walter Newton, a sharecropperRead More The Black Panther Party Essay813 Words   |  4 Pages The Black Panthers aren’t talked about much. The Panthers had made a huge difference in the civil rights movement. They were not just a Black KKK. They helped revolutionize the thought of African Americans in the U.S. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The Black Panther had a huge background of history, goals, and beliefs. Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale in Oakland, Ca 1966, founded the Panthers. They were originally as an African American self defense force and were highly influenced by Malcolm X’s ideas

Historical Development of Labour Law Free Essays

The origins of labour law can be traced back to the remote past and the most varied parts of the world. While European writers often attach importance to the guilds and apprenticeship systems of the medieval world, some Asian scholars have identified labour standards as far back as the Laws of Hammurabi and rules for labour–management relations in the Laws of Manu; Latin-American authors point to the Laws of the Indies promulgated by Spain in the 17th century for its New World territories. None of these can be regarded as more than anticipations, with only limited influence on subsequent developments. We will write a custom essay sample on Historical Development of Labour Law or any similar topic only for you Order Now Labour law as it is known today is essentially the child of successive industrial revolutions from the 18th century onward. It became necessary when customary restraints and the intimacy of employment relationships in small communities ceased to provide adequate protection against the abuses incidental to new forms of mining and manufacture on a rapidly increasing scale at precisely the time when the 18th-century Enlightenment, the French Revolution, and the political forces that they set in motion were creating the elements of the modern social conscience. It developed rather slowly, chiefly in the more industrialized countries of western Europe, during the 19th century and has attained its present importance, relative maturity, and worldwide acceptance only during the 20th century. The first landmark of modern labour law was the British Health and Morals of Apprentices Act of 1802, sponsored by the elder Sir Robert Peel. Similar legislation for the protection of the young was adopted in Zurich in 1815 and in France in 1841. By 1848 the first legal limitation of the working hours of adults was adopted by the Landsgemeinde (citizens’ assembly) of the Swiss canton of Glarus. Sickness insurance and workmen’s compensation were pioneered by Germany in 1883 and 1884, and compulsory arbitration in industrial disputes was introduced in New Zealand in the 1890s. The progress of labour legislation outside western Europe, Australia, and New Zealand was slow until after World War I. The more industrialized states of the United States began to enact such legislation toward the end of the 19th century, but the bulk of the present labour legislation of the United States was not adopted until after the Depression of the 1930s. There was virtually no labour legislation in Russia prior to the October Revolution of 1917. In India children between the ages of seven and 12 were limited to nine hours of work per day in 1881 and adult males in textile mills to 10 hours per day in 1911, but the first major advance was the amendment of the Factory Act in 1922 to give effect to conventions adopted at the first session of the International Labour Conference at Washington, D. C. , in 1919. In Japan rudimentary regulations on work in mines were introduced in 1890, but a proposed factory act was controversial for 30 years before it was adopted in 1911, and the decisive step was the revision of this act in 1923 to give effect to the Washington Convention on hours of work in industry. Labour legislation in Latin America began in Argentina in the early years of the century and received a powerful impetus from the Mexican Revolution, which ended in 1917, but, as in North America, the trend became general only with the impact of the Great Depression. In Africa the progress of labour legislation became significant only from the 1940s onward. The legal recognition of the right of association for trade union purposes has a distinctive history. There is no other aspect of labour law in which successive phases of progress and regression have been more decisively influenced by political changes and considerations. The legal prohibition of such association was repealed in the United Kingdom in 1824 and in France in 1884; there have been many subsequent changes in the law and may well be further changes, but these have related to matters of detail rather than to fundamental principles. In the United States freedom of association for trade union purposes remained precarious and subject to the unpredictable scope of the labour injunction, by means of which the courts helped restrain trade union activity until the 1930s. The breakthrough for trade unionism and collective bargaining was achieved by the National Labor Relations Act of 1935. In many other countries the record of progress and regression with respect to freedom of association falls into clearly distinguished periods separated by decisive political changes. This has certainly been the case with Germany, Italy, Spain, Japan, and much of eastern Europe; there have been many illustrations of it, and there may well be more in the developing world. Labour codes or other forms of comprehensive labour legislation and inistries of labour were not introduced until the 20th century. The first labour code (which, like many of its successors, was a consolidation rather than a codification) was projected in France in 1901 and promulgated in stages from 1910 to 1927. Among the more advanced formulations affecting the general condition of labour were the Mexican Constitution of 1917 and the Weimar Constitution of Germany of 1919, both of which gave constitutional status to certain general principles of social policy regarding economic rights. Provisions of this kind have become increasingly common and are now widespread in all parts of the world. Departments or ministries of labour responsible for the effective administration of labour legislation and for promoting its future development were established in Canada in 1900, in France in 1906, in the United States in 1913, in the United Kingdom in 1916, and in Germany in 1918. They became general in Europe and were established in India and Japan during the following years and became common in Latin America in the ’30s. A labour office was established in Egypt in 1930, but only in the ’40s and ’50s did similar arrangements begin to take root elsewhere in Asia and Africa. Under differing political circumstances there continue, of course, to be wide variations in the authority and effectiveness of such administrative machinery. How to cite Historical Development of Labour Law, Essay examples

Don Quixote And Le Morte D free essay sample

# 8217 ; arthur # 8230 ; Comp Lit Essay, Research Paper In Malory s literature, work forces were knights, ladies were demoiselles, and thaumaturgy was overriding. By the clip that Cervantes wrote Don Quixote, work forces got existent occupations, the guiltless demoiselle had become a myth, and thaumaturgy was reduced to superstitious notion. These plants both examine the knightly ideal: physical art, courtesy, truth in love and friendly relationship, tenderness, humbleness, gradualness ( The Legend of Arthur in British A ; American Literature, p. 65 ) and note much on it. While they both find this ideal to be excessively much for a adult male to keep, they express it in different ways. Malory s knights are by and large gallant, but sometimes divert from the righteous way. His sentiment is that work forces are incapable of being entirely greathearted at all times. Cervantes character is ever baronial and ever brave but is besides mentally sick. This paper will discourse both writers point of position on the establishment of gallantry. We will write a custom essay sample on Don Quixote And Le Morte D or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Le Morte vitamin D Arthur and Don Quixote are really dissimilar in many ways. The first is a calamity, the 2nd a comedy. Le Morte vitamin D Arthur is a digest of several twelve smaller narratives, each written with an single focal point on one cardinal character. Don Quixote is one narrative written around one character, Don Quixote. Malory s work is filled slaying, decease, and force, while in Cervantes piece, no 1 is killed, all hurts are recoverable, and all the force is mitigated by a touch of absurdness. But these two pieces are really similar in that they both are about multi-faceted characters who succumb to enticement, act headlong, and do bad determinations. These types of realistic characters aren t really frequently seen in echt narratives of gallantry. The narratives Malory used as a footing and those that Cervantes spoofed were about knights who were larger than life, and hence neer felt tempted, or acted headlong. They were above human emotions like green-eyed monster. They were chaste, and pure in bosom and motivation. But about all of Malory s knights swam in I mmorality Launcelot was a cuckolder, Sir Gawain has been depicted as cowardly, depraved, cruel and unreliable ( The Knightly Tales of Sir Gawain, Nelson-Hall, 1976 p.7 ) and even good King Arthur, in an attempt to protect his throne from his eventual supplanter, slaughters all the kids of high birth born on May Day. Malory gave personality to the characters he worked with, which, though it made them less baronial, it made them much more credible. The inquiry is, did their immorality make them any less heroic? The Knights of the Round Table took an curse, neer to make outrageousity nor slaying, and ever to fly lese majesty ; besides, by no agencies to be barbarous, but to give clemency unto him that asketh clemency, upon hurting of forfeiture of their worship and Lordship of King Arthur for evermore ; and ever to make ladies, damsels, and dames succour, upon hurting of decease. Besides, that no adult male take no conflicts in a unlawful wrangle for no jurisprudence, nor for no universe # 8217 ; s goods. Unto this were all the knights sworn of the Table Round, both old and immature The knights, Don Quixote s morality and ability to defy enticement can neer be questioned. He is the baronial, chaste hero that Malory s knights neglect to be. The job is though, his universe no longer needs a knight-errant, to roll the universe on horseback, in a suit of armour [ compensating ] every mode of incorrect, puting himself in state of affairss of the greatest hazard. ( The History of Don Quixote de la Mancha, p.2 ) It had been making really good, for several hundred old ages, without knights to rectify it s unfairnesss. The really thought of a knight in reflecting armour, flushing the graduated tables and combating giants reduces bystanders to tantrums of laughter. Tragically, Don Quixote can neer be like Amadis de Gaul and El Cid, who are the heroes he would wish to copy. The clip that heroes like that walked the Earth, if they had of all time, had passed long before Don Quixote mounted Rocinante. So if Quixote is so gallant, and morally blameless, so why doesn T he seem to be heroic?

Dolphins as Social Creatures

Biography of Golda Meir, First Female Prime Minister of Israel

Biography of Golda Meir, First Female Prime Minister of Israel Golda Meirs deep commitment to the cause of Zionism determined the course of her life. She moved from Russia to Wisconsin when she was eight; then at age 23, she emigrated to what was then called Palestine with her husband. Once in Palestine, Golda Meir played vital roles in advocating for a Jewish state, including raising money for the cause. When Israel declared independence in 1948, Golda Meir was one of the 25 signers of this historic document. After serving as Israel’s ambassador to the Soviet Union, minister of labor, and foreign minister, Golda Meir became Israels fourth prime minister in 1969. She was also known as Golda Mabovitch (born as), Golda Meyerson, Iron Lady of Israel. Dates: May 3, 1898 - December 8, 1978 Early Childhood in Russia Golda Mabovitch (she would later change her surname to Meir in 1956) was born in the Jewish ghetto within Kiev in Russian Ukraine to Moshe and Blume Mabovitch. Moshe was a skilled carpenter whose services were in demand, but his wages were not always enough to keep his family fed. This was partly because clients would often refuse to pay him, something Moshe could do nothing about since Jews had no protection under Russian law. In late 19th century Russia, Czar Nicholas II made life very difficult for the Jewish people. The czar publicly blamed many of Russias problems on Jews and enacted harsh laws controlling where they could live and when - even whether - they could marry. Mobs of angry Russians often participated in pogroms, which were organized attacks against Jews that included the destruction of property, beatings, and murder. Goldas earliest memory was of her father boarding up the windows to defend their home from a violent mob. By 1903, Goldas father knew that his family was no longer safe in Russia. He sold his tools to pay for his passage to America by steamship; he then sent for his wife and daughters just over two years later, when he had earned enough money. A New Life in America In 1906, Golda, along with her mother (Blume) and sisters (Sheyna and Zipke), began their trip from Kiev to Milwaukee, Wisconsin to join Moshe. Their land journey through Europe included several days crossing Poland, Austria, and Belgium by train, during which they had to use fake passports and bribe a police officer. Then once on board a ship, they suffered through a difficult 14-day journey across the Atlantic. Once safely ensconced in Milwaukee, eight-year-old Golda was at first overwhelmed by the sights and sounds of the bustling city, but soon came to love living there. She was fascinated by the trolleys, skyscrapers, and other novelties, such as ice cream and soft drinks, that she hadn’t experienced back in Russia. Within weeks of their arrival, Blume started a small grocery store in the front of their house and insisted that Golda open the store every day. It was a duty that Golda resented since it caused her to be chronically late for school. Nevertheless, Golda did well in school, quickly learning English and making friends. There were early signs that Golda Meir was a strong leader. At eleven years old, Golda organized a fundraiser for students who could not afford to buy their textbooks. This event, which included Goldas first foray into public speaking, was a great success. Two years later, Golda Meir graduated from eighth grade, first in her class. Young Golda Meir Rebels Golda Meirs parents were proud of her achievements but considered eighth grade the completion of her education. They believed that a young womans primary goals were marriage and motherhood. Meir disagreed for she dreamed of becoming a teacher. Defying her parents, she enrolled in a public high school in 1912, paying for her supplies by working various jobs. Blume tried to force Golda to quit school and began to search for a future husband for the 14-year-old. Desperate, Meir wrote to her older sister Sheyna, who by then had moved to Denver with her husband. Sheyna convinced her sister to come to live with her and sent her money for train fare. One morning in 1912, Golda Meir left her house, ostensibly headed for school, but instead went to Union Station, where she boarded a train for Denver. Life in Denver Although she had hurt her parents deeply, Golda Meir had no regrets about her decision to move to Denver. She attended high school and mingled with members of Denvers Jewish community who met at her sisters apartment. Fellow immigrants, many of them Socialists and anarchists, were among the frequent visitors who came to debate the issues of the day. Golda Meir listened attentively to discussions about Zionism, a movement whose goal it was to build a Jewish state in Palestine. She admired the passion the Zionists felt for their cause and soon came to adopt their vision of a national homeland for Jews as her own. Meir found herself drawn to one of the quieter visitors to her sisters home - soft-spoken 21-year-old Morris Meyerson, a Lithuanian immigrant. The two shyly confessed their love for one another and Meyerson proposed marriage. At 16, Meir was not ready to marry, despite what her parents thought, but promised Meyerson she would one day become his wife. Return to Milwaukee In 1914, Golda Meir received a letter from her father, begging her to return home to Milwaukee; Golda’s mother was ill, apparently partly from the stress of Golda having left home. Meir honored her parents wishes, even though it meant leaving Meyerson behind. The couple wrote each other frequently, and Meyerson made plans to move to Milwaukee. Meirs parents had softened somewhat in the interim; this time, they allowed Meir to attend high school. Shortly after graduating in 1916, Meir registered at the Milwaukee Teachers Training College. During this time, Meir also became involved with the Zionist group Poale Zion, a radical political organization. Full membership in the group required a commitment to emigrate to Palestine. Meir committed in 1915 that she would one day immigrate to Palestine. She was 17 years old. World War I and the Balfour Declaration As World War I progressed, violence against European Jews escalated. Working for the Jewish Relief Society, Meir and her family helped raise money for European war victims. The Mabovitch home also became a gathering place for prominent members of the Jewish community. In 1917, news arrived from Europe that a wave of deadly pogroms had been carried out against Jews in Poland and Ukraine. Meir responded by organizing a protest march. The event, well-attended by both Jewish and Christian participants, received national publicity. More determined than ever to make the Jewish homeland a reality, Meir left school and moved to Chicago to work for the Poale Zion. Meyerson, who had moved to Milwaukee to be with Meir, later joined her in Chicago. In November 1917, the Zionist cause gained credibility when Great Britain issued the Balfour Declaration, announcing its support for a Jewish homeland in Palestine. Within weeks, British troops entered Jerusalem and took control of the city from Turkish forces. Marriage and the Move to Palestine Passionate about her cause, Golda Meir, now 19 years old, finally agreed to marry Meyerson on the condition that he move with her to Palestine. Although he did not share her zeal for Zionism and didnt want to live in Palestine, Meyerson agreed to go because he loved her. The couple was married on December 24, 1917, in Milwaukee. Since they didn’t yet have the funds to emigrate, Meir continued her work for the Zionist cause, traveling by train across the United States to organize new chapters of the Poale Zion. Finally, in the spring of 1921, they had saved enough money for their trip. After bidding a tearful farewell to their families, Meir and Meyerson, accompanied by Meirs sister Sheyna and her two children, set sail from New York in May 1921. After a grueling two-month voyage, they arrived in Tel Aviv. The city, built in the suburbs of Arab Jaffa, had been founded in 1909 by a group of Jewish families. At the time of Meirs arrival, the population had grown to 15,000. Life on a Kibbutz Meir and Meyerson applied to live on Kibbutz Merhavia in northern Palestine but had difficulty getting accepted. Americans (although Russian-born, Meir was considered American) were believed too soft to endure the hard life of working on a kibbutz (a communal farm). Meir insisted on a trial period and proved the kibbutz committee wrong. She thrived on the hours of hard physical labor, often under primitive conditions. Meyerson, on the other hand, was miserable on the kibbutz. Admired for her powerful speeches, Meir was chosen by members of her community as their representative at the first kibbutz convention in 1922. Zionist leader David Ben-Gurion, present at the convention, also took notice of Meirs intelligence and competence. She quickly earned a place on the governing committee of her kibbutz. Meirs rise to leadership in the Zionist movement came to a halt in 1924 when Meyerson contracted malaria. Weakened, he could no longer tolerate the difficult life on the kibbutz. To Meirs great disappointment, they moved back to Tel Aviv. Parenthood and Domestic Life Once Meyerson recuperated, he and Meir moved to Jerusalem, where hed found a job. Meir gave birth to son Menachem in 1924 and daughter Sarah in 1926. Although she loved her family, Golda Meir found the responsibility of caring for children and keeping the house very unfulfilling. Meir longed to be involved again in political affairs. In 1928, Meir ran into a friend in Jerusalem who offered her the position of secretary of the Womens Labor Council for the Histadrut (the Labor Federation for Jewish workers in Palestine). She readily accepted. Meir created a program for teaching women to farm the barren land of Palestine and set up childcare that would enable women to work. Her job required that she travel to the United States and England, leaving her children for weeks at a time. The children missed their mother and wept when she left, while Meir struggled with guilt for leaving them. It was the final blow to her marriage. She and Meyerson became estranged, separating permanently in the late 1930s. They never divorced; Meyerson died in 1951. When her daughter became seriously ill with kidney disease in 1932, Golda Meir took her (along with son Menachem) to New York City for treatment. During their two years in the U.S., Meir worked as the national secretary of Pioneer Women in America, giving speeches and winning support for the Zionist cause. World War II and Rebellion Following Adolf Hitlers rise to power in Germany in 1933, the Nazis began to target Jews - at first for persecution and later for annihilation. Meir and other Jewish leaders pleaded with heads of state to allow Palestine to accept unlimited numbers of Jews. They received no support for that proposal, nor would any country commit to helping the Jews escape Hitler. The British in Palestine further tightened restrictions on Jewish immigration to appease Arab Palestinians, who resented the flood of Jewish immigrants. Meir and other Jewish leaders began a covert resistance movement against the British. Meir officially served during the war as a liaison between the British and the Jewish population of Palestine. She also worked unofficially to help transport immigrants illegally and to supply resistance fighters in Europe with weapons. Those refugees who made it out brought shocking news of Hitlers concentration camps. In 1945, near the end of World War II, the Allies liberated many of these camps and found evidence that six million Jews had been killed in the Holocaust. Still, Britain would not change Palestines immigration policy. The Jewish underground defense organization, Haganah, began to rebel openly, blowing up railroads throughout the country. Meir and others also rebelled by fasting in protest of British policies. A New Nation As violence intensified between British troops and the Haganah, Great Britain turned to the United Nations (U.N.) for help. In August 1947, a special U.N. committee recommended that Great Britain end its presence in Palestine and that the country is divided into an Arab state and a Jewish state. The resolution was endorsed by a majority of U.N. members and adopted in November 1947. Palestinian Jews accepted the plan, but the Arab League denounced it. Fighting broke out between the two groups, threatening to erupt into full-scale war. Meir and other Jewish leaders realized that their new nation would need money to arm itself. Meir, known for her passionate speeches, traveled to the United States on a fund-raising tour; in just six weeks she raised 50 million dollars for Israel. Amid growing concerns about an impending attack from Arab nations, Meir undertook a daring meeting with King Abdullah of Jordan in May 1948. In an attempt to convince the king not to join forces with the Arab League in attacking Israel, Meir secretly traveled to Jordan to meet with him, disguised as an Arab woman dressed in traditional robes and with her head and face covered. The dangerous journey, unfortunately, did not succeed. On May 14, 1948, British control of Palestine expired. The nation of Israel came into being with the signing of the Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel, with Golda Meir as one of the 25 signers. First to formally recognize Israel was the United States. The next day, armies of neighboring Arab nations attacked Israel in the first of many Arab-Israeli wars. The U.N. called for a truce after two weeks of fighting. Rise to the Top Israel’s first prime minister, David Ben-Gurion, appointed Meir as ambassador to the Soviet Union (now Russia) in September 1948. She stayed in the position only six months because the Soviets, who had virtually banned Judaism, were angered by Meirs attempts to inform Russian Jews about current events in Israel. Meir returned to Israel in March 1949, when Ben-Gurion named her Israels first minister of labor. Meir accomplished a great deal as labor minister, improving conditions for immigrants and armed forces. In June 1956, Golda Meir was made a foreign minister. At that time, Ben-Gurion requested that all foreign service workers take Hebrew names; thus Golda Meyerson became Golda Meir. (â€Å"Meir† means â€Å"to illuminate† in Hebrew.) Meir dealt with many difficult situations as foreign minister, beginning in July 1956, when Egypt seized the Suez Canal. Syria and Jordan joined forces with Egypt in their mission to weaken Israel. Despite a victory for the Israelis in the battle that followed, Israel was forced by the U.N.to return the territories they had gained in the conflict. In addition to her various positions in the Israeli government, Meir was also a member of the Knesset (Israeli parliament) from 1949 to 1974. Golda Meir Becomes Prime Minister In 1965, Meir retired from public life at the age of 67 but had only been gone a few months when she was called back to help mend rifts in the Mapai Party. Meir became secretary general of the party, which later merged into a joint Labor Party. When Prime Minister Levi Eshkol died suddenly on February 26, 1969, Meirs party appointed her to succeed him as prime minister. Meirs five-year term came during some of the most turbulent years in Middle Eastern history. She dealt with the repercussions of the Six-Day War (1967), during which Israel re-took the lands gained during the Suez-Sinai war. The Israeli victory led to further conflict with Arab nations and resulted in strained relations with other world leaders. Meir was also in charge of Israel’s response to the 1972 Munich Olympics Massacre, in which the Palestinian group called Black September took hostage and then killed eleven members of Israel’s Olympic team. The End of an Era Meir worked hard to bring peace to the region throughout her term, but to no avail. Her final downfall came during the Yom Kippur War, when Syrian and Egyptian forces waged a surprise attack on Israel in October 1973. Israeli casualties were high, leading to a call for Meirs resignation by members of the opposition party, who blamed Meirs government for being unprepared for the attack. Meir was nonetheless re-elected but chose to resign on April 10, 1974. She published her memoir, My Life, in 1975. Meir, who had been privately battling lymphatic cancer for 15 years, died on December 8, 1978, at the age of 80. Her dream of a peaceful Middle East has not yet been realized.